食管 癌症

迹象 & 症状

Early esophageal cancer usually does not cause 症状. However, as the cancer grows, 症状 may include:

• 吞咽困难或疼痛
• 体重严重下降
• Pain in the throat or back, behind the breastbone or between the shoulder blades
• 声音嘶哑或慢性咳嗽
• 呕吐
• 咳血

诊断

以帮助找到症状的原因, your doctor will evaluate your medical history and perform a physical exam. Your doctor will likely recommend a chest X-ray and other diagnostic tests. 这些测试可能包括以下内容:

• 吞钡. 也叫食管造影 吞钡 是一系列的食道x光片. You drink a liquid containing barium, which coats the inside of your esophagus. The barium causes changes in the shape of the esophagus to show up on the X-rays.
• Gastroesophagoscopy. 也叫内窥镜检查，这是一种 examination of the inside of the esophagus and stomach using a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope. 麻醉, a substance that causes loss of feeling or awareness, 通常在这个过程中使用. 如果发现异常区域, your doctor can collect cells and tissue through the endoscope for a biopsy.
• 活组织检查. 活组织检查 is a tissue sample for examination by a pathologist to make a diagnosis.

暂存

如果诊断为食管癌，你的十大赌博平台排行榜将确定疾病的阶段或范围. 暂存 is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread and, 如果是这样的话, 到身体的哪个部位. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatments. Listed below are descriptions of the four stages of esophageal cancer.

• 阶段我. The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the esophagus.
• 第二阶段. The cancer involves deeper layers of the lining of the esophagus, 或者已经扩散到附近的淋巴结. The cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
• 第三阶段. 癌细胞已经深入到食道壁或已经扩散到食道附近的组织或淋巴结. It has not spread to other parts of the body.
• 四期. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body. 食管 cancer can spread almost anywhere in the body, 包括肝脏, 肺, 大脑和骨骼.

治疗

手术

手术 is the most common treatment for esophageal cancer. 通常, the surgeon removes the tumor along with all or a portion of the esophagus, nearby lymph nodes and other tissue in the area. An operation to remove the esophagus is called an esophagectomy.

外科十大赌博平台排行榜将食道剩余的健康部分连接到胃上，这样病人仍能吞咽. 外科十大赌博平台排行榜也可能扩大胃和小肠之间的开口，使胃内容物更容易进入小肠.

Sometimes surgery is done after other treatment is finished.

化疗

化疗 is the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. 用于治疗食管癌的抗癌药物在全身循环，通常通过静脉注射或静脉注射.

化疗 may be combined with 辐射 therapy as primary treatment, 而不是手术, 或者在手术前缩小肿瘤.

激光疗法

激光疗法 is the use of high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells. 激光疗法 affects the cells only in the treated area. 激光疗法用于破坏癌组织，并在无法通过手术切除的情况下缓解食道堵塞. 堵塞的缓解可以帮助减轻症状，尤其是吞咽问题.

光动力治疗

光动力疗法(PDT), 一种激光疗法, involves the use of drugs that are absorbed by cancer cells. When exposed to a special light, the drugs become active and destroy cancer cells. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜可能会使用PDT来缓解食管癌的症状，比如吞咽困难.

放射治疗

放射治疗, 也叫放射治疗, 包括使用高能x射线杀死治疗区域的癌细胞. 辐射可能来自体外的机器——外部辐射——或者来自放置在肿瘤内或肿瘤附近的放射性物质, 称为内辐射.

在放射治疗期间，可以将塑料管插入食道以保持食道畅通. This procedure is called intraluminal intubation and dilation.

放射治疗可以单独使用，也可以与化疗联合使用，作为替代手术或手术前的主要治疗方法, 特别是如果肿瘤的大小或位置使手术变得困难. 即使肿瘤不能通过手术切除或通过放射疗法完全摧毁, 辐射 therapy can often help relieve pain and make swallowing easier.